It is well known that energy sector has its own impact on the progress and development of any nation. The availability of various energy resources and in-house capability to use it in the appropriate manner for productive development of a nation is the key factor in the economic growth of the country.

The energy crisis all over the world in the seventies warned the mankind and forced to think about the appropriate utilization of the energy resources on the earth for the sustainable development. The energy crisis had led to many innovations as well as research and development programmes in all sectors related to the energy. With global climate change issues occupying a prominent position in science and technology, industry and international relations, the role of renewable energy, energy conservation and energy management has come into a sharp focus in recent years.

In India, the sudden increase in the price of oil, uncertainties associated with its supply and the adverse impact on the balance-of- payments position led to the establishment of the Commission for Additional Sources of Energy in the Department of Science and Technology in March 1981. The Commission was charged with the responsibility of formulating policies and their implementation, programmes for development of new and renewable energy apart from coordinating and intensifying R and D in the sector. In 1982, a new department, i.e., Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (DNES), that incorporated CASE, was created in the then Ministry of Energy. In 1992, DNES became the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources. In October 2006, the Ministry was re-christened as the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (www.mnre.gov.in).

The Ministry of Power, Government of India set up the Bureau of Energy Efficiency on 1st March 2002 under the provisions of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 (www.bee-india.nic.in). The mission of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to assist in developing policies and strategies with a thrust on self-regulation and market principles, within the overall framework of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 with the primary objective of reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy. This can be achieved with active participation of all stakeholders, resulting in accelerated and sustained adoption of energy efficiency in all sectors. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency co-ordinates with designated consumers, designated agencies and other organizations and recognize, identify and utilize the existing resources and infrastructure, in performing the functions assigned to it under the Energy Conservation Act.

The Energy Conservation Act provides for regulatory and promotional functions. The Bureau is involved in several regulatory and promotional avenues in energy efficiency and conservation. The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), 2007 was launched by the Government of India for new, commercial buildings having a connected load of more than 500 kW with the objective of bringing down the energy consumption of commercial buildings through efficient design.

With a view to build adequate technical capacity and develop economically viable renewable energy and energy efficient systems and compliance of laudable objectives of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, adequate scientific and technical manpower of all levels is a pre-requisite. Energy conservation and renewable energy utilization hold tremendous potential of employment generation and social entrepreneurship for human resources trained in almost all streams of engineering, technology, sciences and humanities. In fact, several self-employment opportunities in renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors for modestly-trained and self-trained human resources exist in all geographic locations of the country.

Full Story of Career in Renewable Energy and Energy Management >>

There can be various ways of assessing an individual’s personality but group discussions and personal interviews are accepted tools to select a student because in a limited time they can give a fair idea to B-schools whether a candidate can become a manager or not. Students may argue that if this is the case, then knowing what B-schools are looking for and presenting yourself accordingly can actually help. Knowing what B-schools are looking for can actually help but not in preparing you for a superficial mask but to help you assess whether you have those traits which B-schools are looking for.

This brings us to other question: are managerial traits natural or can they be acquired? If they are natural, what is the need to do MBA? An MBA course teaches students how to achieve larger goals and it polishes those personality traits. But there are some basic traits that a candidate should have to go through the MBA process and to know that institutes conduct GD/PI.

Group discussion

A group discussion is generally a 20-to-30 minute process whose larger objective is to select thosecandidates who have the ability to perform in a team. Apart from this, the kind of topic given also helps panelists to know various traits of a candidate’s personality. In most of the GDs you are made to sit in a semi-circle and discuss a given topic. The topic can be as general as ‘Women make better managers’ or as specific as ‘India-US nuclear deal.’ What matters in group discussion is your stand on the topic, your ability to analyse the given topic, your awareness about the topic, and the way you present the topic. One person from the group is asked to introduce the topic, what follows is the discussion and the conclusion. The focus here is more on leadership and decision making, because in a GD you may or may not reach a consensus because the issues given to you are debatable. The end result of GD will not always be to reach a consensus but to assess your people’s skill.

The Winners Have

Good listening skills: Listening doesn’t mean hearing. It means listening and understanding what the other person is saying. If you have good listening skills, you will be able to keep a track of where group discussion is moving. You will know different points that have already been raised and you have to bring in some new point.

Knowledge of the topic: Some years back content was the most important aspect of GD. Although content still holds its importance but in addition to that you are also weighed on how analytical and aware are you about your surroundings. Earlier it was just about discussing pros and cons of an issue but now knowledge gathered from various sources, analysed and presented in a structured form holds the key to success in GD. Reading newspapers, magazines, and going through Economic Survey would help in enriching the content of GD.

Confidence: You have all the knowledge and good listening and analytical skills, but you do not have confidence to assert what you are saying is right, may prove a negative point. In GD panelists do not know you personally; they would only be able to judge you from what you speak.

Introduction: Introducing the topic can make or break the situation. May be you do not speak for the next 10 minutes, but if you give a good introduction you are in. When the GD begins, everybody is speaking and you might not even be listened. But when you are asked to introduce the topic, you can take the situation forward. Explain the topic, don’t read what is written. Give brief introduction to the topic and what you think of it. People think that taking a stand in GD might to go against them. But there is difference in being assertive and in being rigid. You are expected to give your point of view.

The Losers are

Those who speak a lot: Of course not speaking in GD will not take you anywhere but speaking too much can also make you lose the GD. You have all the points and you can speak a lot on GD. But it is not a one-man show. It is a group discussion. If you try to grab the attention of the panelists, cut other person short, it shows that you are not a team worker. Also speaking a lot on the topic and just repeating one point will not be appreciated. You do not speak in the entire GD, but give valid points twice that can add value to the discussion, will be appreciated.

Those who become emotional: There are topics that involve some sensitive issues. You have all the valid points to support that women make better managers, but bringing in the element of argument and accusing other persons in the group will only help you in getting rejected.

Those who over-dominate: You are taking and managing the group discussion well, listening to the arguments, giving your point of view and letting everyone speak, everything is in your favour and suddenly you decide to be a godfather of somebody who has not spoken at all and who doesn’t have one single argument to present. Cutting short somebody who is making a valid point and asking the silent one to speak, can actually cut your points.

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Practical chemistry, or Applied chemistry, that which treats of the modes of manufacturing the products of chemistry that are useful in the arts, of their applications to economical purposes, and of the conditions essential to their best use.

You can find Articles & Notes on Applied Chemistry

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/LynnFowler/che101/Lecture.html

http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/notes_for_contributors.html

http://www.wjhsd.net/~ajackson/appchmhandouts.html

http://www.organic-chemistry.org/

http://www.freescience.info/notes.php?id=15

http://old.iupac.org/publications/pac/index.html

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Applied+chemistry

Books to Download

Inorganic and Applied Chemistry

This textbook is written primarily to engineering students in the fields of basic chemistry, environmental chemistry, food production, chemical and biochemical engineering. It coveres concepts taught in the firsts years of education in inorganic chemistry and applied chemistry. The aim of this book is to explain and clarify important terms and concepts which the students are supposed to know.

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Applied Chemistry: Theory and Practice

This is s an amalgam of Theory and Experiments. It serves as a Laboratory Manual of Examination, testing, characterisation and evaluation of a few materials of wide industrial and Engineering application. The significance and practical utility of the various tests and the inferences drawn therefore have been described in detail. The derivation of the formulas, where-ever used, the introduction, theory and related discussion are quite elaborate and touch the level of a Theory text.
The book has been designed to cover the Laboratory Courses in Applied Chemistry at the various Engineering and Technical Institutions. The book will be useful to the students where Applied Chemistry is taught at the M.Sc. level and to Public Health/Water Analysis Laboratories. It will also be useful to the students of Industrial Chemistry a subject that is being introduced at the undergraduate level in some of the Universities.
Students of all levels of intelligence from very weak to extremely brilliant will find something of interest to them in the chapter on solutions to viva-voce questions a Striking feature of the book.

About the Author(s):

O.P.Vermani
is Assistant Professor of Chemistry at Regional Engineering College, Kurukshetra. He has more than thirty years experience of teaching Applied Chemistry to Engineering students. He is a Gold Medalist of kurukshetra University for B.Sc.(Hons.) Chemistry. He received his doctors degree in Analytical Chemistry from the same University. He is a visiting fellow to various Institutes in Haryana. He has to his credit a number of research papers in Journals of National and International repute.

A.K. Narula
is Professor of Industrial Chemistry at Guru Jambheshwar University, Hissar. Previously, he worked as Reader in the Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. He has taught Applied Chemistry to undergraduate students in Regional Engineering College, Kurukshetra. He has obtained his Ph.D. degree from University of Delhi, Delhi in 1983 and worked as post doctoral fellow in Nice (France). Dr. Narula has to his credit several research papers in Journals of National and International repute.

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Applied Chemistry: Theory and Practice , 2nd Edition

It is an amalgam of Theory and Experiments. It serves as a Laboratory Manual of Examination, testing,characterisation and evaluation of a few materials of wide industrial and Engineering application. The significance and practical utility of the various tests and the inferences drawn therefore have been described in detail. The derivation of the formulas, where-ever used, the introduction, theory and related discussion are quite elaborate and touch the level of a Theory text.

The book has been designed to cover the Laboratory Courses in Applied Chemistry at the various Engineering and Technical Institutions. The book will be useful to the students where Applied Chemistry is taught at the M.Sc. level and to Public Health/Water Analysis Laboratories. It will also be useful to the students of Industrial Chemistry a subject that is being introduced at the undergraduate level in some of the Universities.

Students of all levels of intelligence from very weak to extremely brilliant will find something of interest to them in the chapter on solutions to viva-voce questions a Striking feature of the book.

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The CTM Program covers all the important topics related to treasury and foreign exchange. The broad areas in which the body of knowledge is developed and the candidates will be examined, are divided into two Groups consisting of two Parts each.

The structure of the CTM Program and details of marks and time allotted for each Part is given below:

The CTM Candidates are required to undertake a Project Work as an integral part of the Program.

Learning Benefits

The candidates enrolling into the CTM program are likely to get several learning benefits from each one of the subjects of study. Each subject is given in-depth coverage so that the candidates derive immediate and practical benefits. Broadly speaking, the candidates acquire three types of skills:

• Basic Skills
• Application Skills
• Integrative Skills

The more important learning benefits are identified below:

1. You will be able to understand the scope and functions of treasury management and its linkages with corporate finance and functional areas of management.
2. You will get to know the financial forecasting techniques and how to apply them in treasury management.
3. You will appreciate the significance of effective liquidity management under conditions of surplus and deficit.
4. You will have an understanding of long-term financial planning and the tools and techniques used for estimations.
5. You will learn about financial markets and instruments and the emerging trends.
6. You will learn about basics of international economics and international finance including international financial markets and instruments markets and instruments instruments instruments instruments instruments.
7. You will appreciate the methods of financing international trade.
8. You will understand the key aspects relating to forex markets and determination of exchange rates.
9. You will learn about risk management and various tools and techniques.
10. You will know how to manage risks with various derivative instruments.
11. You will grasp the accounting and tax implications of various derivatives.
12. You will get an insight into handling financial crisis situations including bankruptcy.
13. You will grasp the nuances of financial management of multinational corporations including treasury management in MNCs.
14. You will appreciate the key role of management of relationships with bankers and institutions.
15. You will grasp the basics of internal treasury controls through effective MIS.
16. You will get exposure to speculation and ethical dilemmas in treasury management.

Businesses today increasingly require professionals who can integrate knowledge and skills from multiple sources to address strategic business issues and help create new innovation-driven business models. This innovation imperative call for unique opportunities  for  accounting   professionals  who  can add  new  value in  a  global,  liberalized and free economy. There is an urgent need for accounting professionals who are not only sound in the traditional accounting disciplines but also possess cutting-edge integrative and professional competencies with multi-disciplinary knowledge and skills. In the wake of these interesting developments, NICPA has conceived, designed and developed a unique Professional Certification Program the ‘Certified Public Accountant’ (CPA) Program for the benefit of candidates seeking careers in the Accounting-Management-IT spectrum.

The CPA Program is specifically designed to meet the demands of modern accounting professionals. The CPA Program integrates into its body of knowledge, areas like management, information technology & E-Business, US GAAP, code of ethics, and soft skills, along with the core areas like accounting, auditing, taxation and business law.

Objective

The CPA Program is a postgraduate professional program with the following broad objectives:

• To impart knowledge of concepts in Accounting, Auditing, Taxation, Business Law, Management, and Information Technology.
• To improve the ability to develop a framework for using purposes of decision-making.
• To deepen insights into practical applications of Accounting in a dynamic business environment.
• To develop appreciation of the interface between Accounting, and other areas like Economics, Marketing, HRM, Operations Management, Finance, IT & Strategy.
• To facilitate the development and growth of Accounting Professionals as Business Managers.

The CPA Approch

The CPA Program follows distinctive but interrelated approaches:

• Continuous Learning: adapting state-of-the-art concepts and approaches to drive continuous improvement and adapting readily to new contexts and challenges.

• Analytical Prowess: identifying core issues and determining what is most relevant in multi-faceted situations, dismissing irrelevant factors.

• Networking and Resourcing: drawing up the talents of functional specialists and experts who create synergy, assembling high-performance teams.

• Dedication to Excellence: demonstrating strong commitment to a global standard of professional conduct and ethics.
• Impactful Communication: bringing clarity and simplicity to complex or technical concepts by using appropriate language, graphics and frames of reference.
• Compelling Influence: developing comprehensive business plans in support of proposed initiatives, accomplishing objectives aggressively and cost effectively.

• External Perspective: gathering knowledge on broad socio-economic, political, demographic, environmental, market and other trends that could impact the business.

Focus Areas

The CPA Program has five Focus Areas :

Accounting Standards & US GAAP:

The CPA Program covers the modern accounting practices with reference to Accounting Standards and US GAAP. The candidates gain in-depth knowledge of Accounting Standards which are indispensable in this globalized and liberalized economy. Many corporates in India and abroad are adopting US GAAP voluntarily to bring their financial reporting practices to the global standards.

Information Technology and E-Business:

The CPA Program imparts the necessary knowledge and skills required for the tripartite functions of designing, managing and evaluating information systems, create and implement accounting solutions by applying IT tools and managing business electronically.

Management Insights:

The CPA Program is designed to provide insights into management strategy and functions so that Accounting-Business interface is understood in a dynamic format.

Soft Skills & Code of Conduct:

To become successful professional accountants of the 21st century, candidates need to possess soft skills namely Adaptation skills, Communication skills, Negotiation skills, Management skills, Interpersonal skills and Personal skills. Through case studies, the CPA Program encourages the candidates to develop these vital soft skills.

Ethical Focus:

The CPA Program aims to inculcate in the candidates an ethical approach in their professional interactions and a sense of personal, corporate and social responsibilities. The uniqueness of the CPA Program lies in its effective integration of all the five focus areas with traditional disciplines like Accounting, Auditing, Taxation and Business Law.

The Body of Knowledge

NICPA visualizes the body of knowledge of the CPA Program as covering four inter-related areas:

• General Accounting Knowledge: a fundamental understanding of financial accounting, managerial accounting, auditing systems, business law and taxation necessary to effectively function in the area of accounting.
• Specialized Accounting Knowledge: further, in-depth, knowledge of some of the specialized areas of accounting like Accounting Standards, US GAAP, Information Systems Control Audit, Ethics and Code of Conduct etc.
• Information Technology Knowledge: education in IT relevant to the study of accounting.
• Management Knowledge: knowledge of the basic ideas of business, such as management strategy, business economics, finance, marketing, HRM and control systems.

For Whom

The CPA Program will be suitable for:

• Finance, accounting and management professionals like CFAs, CAs, CWAs, CSs, and MBAs.
• Professionals already engaged in the accounting field, and who wish to upgrade their knowledge and skills in emerging areas like Accounting Standards & US GAAP, Accounting-Management-IT interface, Information Systems Control Audit etc.
• Students pursuing full-time postgraduate programs in commerce, economics, mathematics, statistics and management;

Skills to Succeed

The individuals who want to succeed in this industry should have the following attributes and skills:

• Problem-solving, analytical and research skills
• Inter-personal and strong communication skills
• Comprehension of IT from a user perspective
• Broad business perspective
• High ethical standards

Social and Welfare work means to help the people to tackle their day to day problems. These problems may be physical or mental, age old problem, due to unemployment, destitution etc. These workers try to alleviate such social problems.

NATURE OF WORK

Social Workers can work individually or in a group or may undertake community work. They generally do the work undertaken by the agencies /NGO, they are associated to.

PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES

Aspiring social workers must like people. They should have a concern to work for their welfare. They should respect people and their feelings and should be eager to work with them to improve their social conditions.

EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Career opportunities exist in the specific area of specialization which is generally offered at P.G. level. People trained in social work may find jobs with the Voluntary Organisations , NGOs , several government departments or they may work on their own.

REMUNERATION

Salaries offered at initial level are low, but it increases with experience. A person can expect to start with Rs 3500 working with a reputed organization , while in a smaller organization person can get anything between Rs1800-Rs2000.

COURSES OFFERED

a) A 3 year Bachelors Degree course in Social work. b) A 2 year Masters course in social work. Specialisations available o Community Social work. 2) Medical and Psychiatric Social Work. 3) Criminology and Correctional Administration. 4) Labour Welfare and Industrial Relations. 5) Child Care and Family Services. c) Various Diploma / certificate courses of 1 / 2 year duration.

ELIGIBILITY

1. For B.S.W. / B.A. course: Students who has passed +2 examination of any Board are eligible, but students with Psychology, social science background gets preference. 2. For M.S.W.: Graduate students of any stream, but premier institutes prefer B.S.W. background.

MODE OF ENTRY

Generally an All India level test is conducted by Universities followed by Interview, though some Institutes offer admissions on the basis of marks obtained in last qualified exam.

INSTITUTES/COLLEGES